In-Patient & Out-Patient Treatment
Gang-Involved:None
General Violence:
None
Intimate Partner Violence:
IPV clients have a high likelihood of having a history of substance abuse. Additionally, research suggests that addressing any substance use disorders should be a part of an intervention plan for IPV clients. As such, both in-patient and out-patient treatment may be important for both client success on supervision and the safety of victims.
Serious Mental Illness:
Substance use is the norm rather than the exception for this group with rates as high as 85% for justice-involved individuals with mental illnesses. Aside from the typical reasons that individuals use substances, individuals with mental illnesses often use substances to deal with their mental health symptoms—anxiety, paranoia, auditory and visual hallucinations, etc. Because of this, both in-patient and out-patient treatment services may be especially helpful for SMI clients.
Substance Use Disorders:
Individuals with a diagnosed substance use disorder (via substance use disorder evaluation) who are willing to seek treatment should be given the information and resources that make this possible.
Mental Health Screening and Evaluation
Gang-Involved:Same as the general population
General Violence:
Screening and evaluation are important to determine if violent behavior is affected by mental illness.
Intimate Partner Violence:
People who have committed intimate partner violence are at higher risk for experiencing personality disorders (Holtzworth-Munroe et al., 2000), a history of trauma (Rhodes et al., 2009), and/or conduct disorder (Ehrensaft et al., 2004). These are or can be associated with mental illnesses.
Serious Mental Illness:
Mental health screening and evaluation are essential to determine if a client experiences serious mental illness(es). Many people on supervision with mental illness have had poor experiences with treatment providers in the past, and they may be mistrustful of them and hesitant to engage in treatment.
Substance Use Disorders:
People with substance use disorder often experience mental illness, making mental health screening and evaluation especially important for this population.
Substance Use Screening and Evaluation
Gang-Involved:None
General Violence:
None
Intimate Partner Violence:
IPV clients have a high likelihood of a history of substance abuse. Research suggests that addressing any substance use disorders should be part of an intervention plan for IPV clients. Identification of any substance use disorder is therefore important for both client success on supervision and the safety of victims.
Serious Mental Illness:
Substance use is the norm rather than the exception for this group, with rates as high as 85% for individuals with mental illnesses who are involved with the criminal legal system. Aside from the typical reasons that individuals use substances, individuals with mental illnesses often use substances to deal with their mental health symptoms— anxiety, paranoia, auditory and visual hallucinations, etc.
Substance Use Disorders:
Because of the strong connection between substance use behaviors and recidivism, all people should be screened for substance use (and referred to treatment as appropriate) using an evidence-based screener that measures type of substance, frequency, and negative impact. Traditional criminogenic/risk needs assessments are usually not sufficient indicators of substance use and abuse.
Alcohol and Drug Use Education
Gang-Involved:None
General Violence:
None
Intimate Partner Violence:
None
Serious Mental Illness:
None
Substance Use Disorders:
ADE is mainly a preventive intervention. It is often included in in-patient and out-patient SUD treatment but is not an effective as a stand-alone intervention.
Cognitive Behavioral Techniques
Gang-Involved:CB techniques can be used to help identify prosocial and detrimental aspects of gang membership.
General Violence:
None
Intimate Partner Violence:
CB techniques can be used to address emotional dysregulation (inability to regulate emotions), cognitive distortions (false or misleading beliefs), relationship skills deficits (difficulty forming and maintaining relationships), and power and control issues.
There is evidence that interventions following Strategy 3 (Mindfulness) show promise for individuals who have committed IPV when it focuses on factors connected to the offense, such as the individual’s own trauma history and emotion regulation skills.
Serious Mental Illness:
Officers may need to adapt CB techniques for use with clients with severe mental illness, particularly those with cognitive impairments. Strategies include walking through material, reviewing material, etc.
CB techniques may not be effective if the client is experiencing active psychosis, or if they have intellectual/developmental disabilities or cognitive impairments.
Substance Use Disorders:
Officers can use CB techniques during office visits to reinforce concepts (like self-control and finding alternatives to using narcotics) that clients are learning and practicing in substance use treatment programs.
Incentives
Gang-Involved:Gang-involved clients may have concerns that receiving incentives may be seen by other gang-involved peers as cooperating with law enforcement and may result in retaliation. Officers should help gang-involved clients to navigate these issues, explain to peers the purpose of incentives, and stay safe.
General Violence:
Incentives (and the possibility of losing incentives) may help decrease violent behavior and get individuals to think about and reconsider violence before committing it.
Intimate Partner Violence:
Incentives can help address behaviors (like alcohol or narcotics use) that may contribute to intimate partner violence.
Serious Mental Illness:
Incentives are usually effective with people who experience mental illness and may be a way to encourage participation in a treatment program.
Substance Use Disorders:
Contingency management with rewards for abstinence from drugs has been studied extensively and is an evidence-based practice.
Prosocial Modeling
Gang-Involved:None
General Violence:
None
Intimate Partner Violence:
None
Serious Mental Illness:
None
Substance Use Disorders:
None
Sanctions
Gang-Involved:Same as the general population
General Violence:
Sanctions may reinforce patterns of thinking that normalize using unpleasant consequences (like violence) to resolve conflict. This can be counterproductive to trying to get clients who have used violence to move towards more positive ways to resolve conflict.
Intimate Partner Violence:
While sanctions to remove people who have committed intimate partner violence from their victims are sometimes appropriate, overuse of sanctions can reinforce patterns of thinking that normalize using unpleasant consequences (like violence) to resolve conflict. This can be counterproductive to trying to get clients who have used violence to move towards more positive ways to resolve conflict.
Serious Mental Illness:
Clients with serious mental illness may not understand why they are being sanctioned or what is involved in the sanction (e.g., house arrest). Some sanctions (e.g., house arrest) may be more harmful to the mental health of a client with serious mental illness than a client without it.
Substance Use Disorders:
Clients with SUD may not understand why they are being sanctioned or what is involved in the sanction (e.g., house arrest). They may consider it punitive for their health condition.
Environmental Restructuring
Gang-Involved:May help clients distance themselves from gang-involved peers, although this may remove the client from valuable support systems offered by these peers.
General Violence:
May remove clients from violence-prone environments that can serve as triggers for aggression and violence.
Intimate Partner Violence:
Environmental restructuring designed to separate clients with a history of IPV from their partners is not always effective, and it is easy for clients to violate protective orders if they do not accept that the order benefits them and the victim.
Serious Mental Illness:
Clients with serious mental illness often are unemployed and live in unsafe and inadequate housing.
Substance Use Disorders:
Help clients with substance use disorder engage with non-substance users and structure their time to avoid use.
Transportation Resources
Gang-Involved:In some cases, clients with gang-involvement may have difficulty obtaining employment if they are known as a gang member. In these cases, clients may need transportation resources to find employment elsewhere.
General Violence:
Clients with a history of general violence may be likely to be mandated to attend anger management classes. They may need transportation resources to attend these classes, especially if the classes are not offered widely in the area.
Intimate Partner Violence:
Clients with a history of IPV may be likely to be mandated to attend specialized treatment programming. They may need transportation resources to attend treatment sessions, especially if the programming is not offered in the area.
Serious Mental Illness:
Many clients with serious mental illness do not have driver’s licenses and may experience greater difficulty obtaining transportation than other clients.
Substance Use Disorders:
Clients with substance use disorder may be especially in need of transportation resources if their license has been suspended or revoked. They may also need transportation resources to attend substance use treatment.
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